A Cohort Study: Evaluating Self-Efficacy in Adolescents Attending a Tailored Youth-Informed Breastfeeding Program
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Adolescents (≤19 years of age) have lower rates of breastfeeding (BF) compared to older mothers. BF self-efficacy (SE), defined as a mother’s confidence in her ability to breastfeed her infant, has been identified as an important factor influencing BF outcomes. An innovative youth-informed BF program for young women was designed and implemented, which included staff training, a prenatal BF class and BF peer support. The objective of this cohort study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the program in improving young mother’s BF SE. Participants were pregnant adolescents recruited from a large urban non-profit social service outreach centre. The Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (BSES-SF) was administered to participants before and after participating in the BF program. BSES-SF scores were summed to determine a composite score and compared descriptively using mean score. Un-aggregated, item-by-item, comparison of pre-vs post-BF program scores were also compared to examine improvements in SE. A total of 20 adolescent mothers (mean age = 16.6) attended the BF program. An increase in the total BSES-SF score was observed based on descriptively comparing the mean pre vs post intervention. Prenatal education and peer support adapted to the needs of adolescent mothers was associated with increased BSES-SF. These results are promising given that clients attending programs at this agency have low-income, low educational attainment, variable family support, housing instability, and are at-risk for not breastfeeding. Future studies with larger cohort are required to further validate and establish generalizability, as well as to determine the effect on BF duration rates.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".