Various crust morphologies of colloidal droplets dried on a super-hydrophobic surface
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We have studied the evaporation of water droplets containing silica nanoparticles of various hydrophobicities deposited on a super-hydrophobic substrate. Evaporation induces particle accumulation at the droplet surface and results in the formation of a crust that buckles during further shrinkage. For droplets containing hydrophilic particles, a bowl-shaped crust was observed. For droplets containing hydrophobic particles, the crust develops a multi-buckled shape that could be completely suppressed by increasing the relative humidity. The varied buckling behavior of droplets may be attributed to the different mechanical properties of the gelled layer where particle hydrophobicity plays a role. Our work highlights the important role of particle hydrophobicity and relative humidity in the final crust morphology, thus shedding light on crust shape control and material design via the droplet evaporation approach.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".