Serum Uric Acid, Serum Uric Acid to Serum Creatinine Ratio and Serum Bilirubin in Patients With Parkinson’s Disease: A Case-Control Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that a low serum uric acid (SUA) level associates with Parkinson's disease (PD), but many of them did not exclude patients with impaired renal function. Studies on the association between serum bilirubin level and PD also are limited. This study determined the association between SUA level, SUA/serum creatinine (SCr) ratio and serum bilirubin levels in PD patients with normal renal and liver functions. METHODS: The PD patients from a neurological clinic, and the controls from the club for the elderly, were recruited into this study. The PD stage and motor and non-motor function were determined by the Hoehn-Yahr (H&Y) scale and unified Parkinson's disease rating scale (UPDRS), respectively. RESULTS: Sixty-one PD patients and 135 controls participated. The SUA/SCr ratio, but not SUA, was significantly lower in the PD patients than in the controls (4.12 ± 0.90 vs. 4.59 ± 1.04, P = 0.003). Serum total bilirubin (TB) and indirect bilirubin (IDB) were significantly higher in the PD patients (7.92 ± 3.67 µmol/L vs. 6.59 ± 2.78 µmol/L, P = 0.003 and 4.52 ± 2.48 µmol/L vs. 3.26 ± 1.82 µmol/L, P < 0.001), respectively. Serum TB and IDB, but not SUA or SUA/SCr ratio, were associated negatively with PD stages (P = 0.010 and P = 0.014, respectively). There was no association between TB, IDB, SUA or SUA/SCr ratio and PD disease duration or motor subtypes. No significant correlation was found between SUA or SUA/SCr ratio, serum TB and IDB. CONCLUSION: The SUA/SCr ratio is more sensitive than SUA in determining their association with PD. The high serum TB and IDB levels in PD patients compared with the controls suggest that serum bilirubin might play a role in the pathogenesis of PD. However, the lack of association between SUA or the SUA/SCr ratio and serum TB or IDB suggests that these two biomarkers play a different role in the etiopathogenesis of PD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".