Lanthanum and Cerium Toxicity to the Freshwater Green Alga <i>Chlorella fusca</i>: Applicability of the Biotic Ligand Model
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The environmental risk assessment of rare earth elements (REEs) requires data on their potential toxicity. In the present study, the toxicity of lanthanum (La) and cerium (Ce) was studied in relation to metal speciation in solution. For both La and Ce, the use of organic ligands demonstrated that the calculated free ion concentration was a good indicator of toxicity. Whether in the absence or presence of organic ligands, when based on free ion concentrations, the obtained half-maximal effective concentrations were similar. When all generated data were pooled, Ce and La showed identical toxicity thresholds after 120 h of exposure with free ion concentration–based median effective concentration values (95% confidence intervals) of 0.48 (0.38–0.60) µM and 0.47 (0.36–0.61) µM for La3+ and Ce3+, respectively. The inhibition of algal growth was also correlated with the intracellular lanthanide concentrations, regardless of the ligand used. Finally, increasing the ambient calcium concentration protected the test algae by reducing the amount of lanthanide internalized into the cells. These results suggest that, at constant pH (5.5), REE accumulation and toxicity are linked to the free ion concentration and ambient calcium concentration, as predicted by the biotic ligand model. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:996–1005. © 2020 SETAC Abstract Lanthanum and cerium uptake and toxicity can be predicted by the concentration of its free ion concentration regardless of the ligand used. La = lanthanum; Ln = lanthanide; NTA = nitrilotriacetic acid.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".