Putative freshwater mussel species Pyganodon cataracta and Pyganodon fragilis: open reading frames and their significance to conservation, phylogenetics and hermaphroditism
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Freshwater mussels, or unionids, are declining at a catastrophic rate. As keystone species, they make up as much as 95% of the benthic biomass, and their decline could radically alter benthic ecosystems. Here the use of the rapidly mutating, novel open reading frame on the female-type mitochondrial genomes (f-orf) of these unionids is investigated in comparison to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (cox1) as a means to differentiate between closely related freshwater mussel species and to detect evidence of hermaphroditism. The eastern floater, Pyganodon cataracta (Say, 1817) and the Newfoundland floater, P. fragilis (Lamarck, 1819), are two putative freshwater mussel species. Previous morphological and molecular attempts at differentiating them have indicated they are the same species. Species-specific primers were designed, and target f-orf sequences were PCR amplified and sequenced via Sanger sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis of both F f-orf and previously sequenced cox1 sequences indicated the samples were of the same species, and no identifiable evolutionary significant units (ESUs) and/or management units (MUs) were observed. There was not any evidence of hermaphroditism based on these f-orf sequences. These f-orf sequences may still be useful in other species of unionids to distinguish among closely related species, to assign conservation status in imperilled mussel taxa to help identify and protect populations that are genetically distinct, and to maximize adaptive potential of unionids species as a whole, or to detect evidence of selection for hermaphroditism as a reproductive strategy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".