Efficiency of Urea Solutions in Enhanced Oil Recovery
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We examine the applicability of urea solutions as a novel cost-effective chemical for enhanced oil recovery processes. Two sandpack flooding experiments were conducted using 5 and 10 wt % urea solutions. Another flooding experiment was also carried out using the same sandpack with fresh water and used as a reference. Supporting experiments such as interfacial tension (IFT), viscosity of water in oil (W/O) emulsions, total acid number (TAN), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were conducted to confirm the generation of in situ surfactants by reacting urea solutions with the naphthenic acids in bitumen and evaluate their impact on the oil recovery. The analyses of FTIR, IFT, TAN, and viscosity measurements support the generation of in situ surfactants that leads to the formation of stable water in oil emulsions and hence a more stable displacement front resulting in higher oil recovery.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".