New Insights Into Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans Sulfur Metabolism Through Coupled Gene Expression, Solution Chemistry, Microscopy, and Spectroscopy Analyses
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Here, we experimentally expand understanding of the reactions and enzymes involved in A. thiooxidans ATCC 19377 S0 and S2O32- metabolism by developing models that integrate gene expression analyzed by RNA-Seq, solution sulfur speciation, electron microscopy and spectroscopy. The A. thiooxidans S2O32- metabolism model involves the conversion of S2O32- to SO42-, S0 and S4O62-, mediated by the sulfur oxidase complex (Sox), tetrathionate hydrolase (TetH), sulfide quinone reductase (Sqr) and heterodisulfate reductase (Hdr) proteins. These same proteins, with the addition of rhodanese (Rhd), were identified to convert S0 to SO32-, S2O32- and polythionates in the A. thiooxidans S0 metabolism model. Our combined results shed light onto the important role specifically of TetH in S2O32- metabolism. Also, we show that activity of Hdr proteins rather than Sdo are likely associated with S0 oxidation. Finally, our data suggest that formation of intracellular S2O32- is a critical step in S0 metabolism, and that recycling of internally generated SO32- occurs, through comproportionating reactions that result in S2O32-. Electron microscopy and spectroscopy confirmed intracellular production and storage of S0 during growth on both S0 and S2O32- substrates.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".