Assessment of Exercise Stroke Volume and Its Prediction From Oxygen Pulse in Paralympic Athletes With Locomotor Impairments: Cardiac Long-Term Adaptations Are Possible
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The determinants of cardiac output (CO) during exercise, i.e., stroke volume (SV) and heart rate (HR), could differ in Paralympic athletes (PAthl) with spinal cord injury (SCI) with respect to PAthl with locomotor impairments caused by different health conditions (HC). The purposes of the present study were the comparisons of two groups of PAthl, one with SCI and one with either amputation (AMP) or post poliomyelitis syndrome (PM), assessing the: (1) peak cardiorespiratory responses and determinants (SV and HR) of CO during maximal and submaximal arm cranking exercise (ACE), respectively; (2) correlations between peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and the highest SV obtained during submaximal exercise; and (3) correlations between oxygen pulse (O2 pulse, ratio between VO2 and HR) and both SV and O2 arterio-venous difference [(a-v)O2diff]. Each athlete (19 PAthl with SCI, 9 with AMP and 5 with PM) completed a continuous incremental cardiopulmonary ACE test to volitional fatigue to assess peak responses. In a different session CO was indirectly estimated by carbon dioxide (CO2) rebreathing at sub-maximal exercise intensities approximating 30%, 50% and 70% of the VO2peak. There were no significant differences between the PAthl groups in age, anthropometry and VO2peak. However, peak HR was significantly lower and peak O2 pulse was significantly higher in PAthl with AMP/PM compared to those with SCI. During sub-maximal exercise, PAthl with AMP/PM displayed significantly higher SV values (154.8±17.60ml) than PAthl with SCI (117.1±24.66ml). SV correlated significantly with VO2peak in both PAthl with SCI (R2=0.796) and AMP/PM (R2=0.824). O2 pulse correlated significantly with SV in both PAthl with SCI (R2=0.888) and AMP/PM (R2=0.932) and in the overall sample (R2=0.896). No significant correlations were observed between O2 pulse and (a–v)O2diff. It was concluded that in PAthl with different HC: (1) significant differences, as a consequence of the different HC, exist in the determinants of CO at maximal and submaximal ACE; 2) SV is a significant determinant of VO2peak, suggesting cardiac adaptations possible also in PAthl with SCI, (3) SV can be predicted from O2 pulse measurements during submaximal exercise in both groups of PAthl.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".