Ammonia removal from aqueous solution by sodium functionalized graphene oxide: isotherm, kinetics, and thermodynamics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Municipal, industrial, and agricultural wastewaters contain high concentrations of nitrogen in the form of ammonia and ammonium ions. This nitrogen has a range of polluting effects and must be removed before discharge. Multiple methods are currently under investigation for the removal or capture of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN). TAN in aqueous media shows unique behavior making it necessary to study its interactions with potential absorbents in detail. In this study, sodium functionalized graphene oxide (GO-Na) was used for TAN removal from aqueous media by ion exchange. Batch adsorption experiments were performed to investigate the adsorption capacity of GO-Na and. The mechanism of adsorption was investigated using multiple models including Elovich and intra-particle diffusion models. The adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order model. Experimental data was well described by a Langmuir isotherm model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 32 mg/g. The adsorption energies and thermodynamic parameters indicated weak interactions were dominant with an overall exothermic and spontaneous process. The weak interactions resulted from the ion-exchange of sodium cation on the surface of graphene oxide with ammonium cations in the liquid phase, which also results in the easy regeneration of the adsorbent with NaCl which is a non-toxic, environmentally friendly and inexpensive salt in nature.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".