Bibliographic record
Abstract
Protracted wars in the Middle East have forced millions of people to flee and resettle in Western countries. Adolescents might be most affected by their war and resettlement experiences, yet have received limited attention in developmental research. The purpose of the current study was to determine how younger (12-14-year-olds) and older (17-19-year-olds) adolescent refugees from Syria make judgments about harm in unprovoked and provoked situational contexts. Fifty-nine newcomer Syrian adolescent refugees (30 boys and 29 girls) living in Canada were interviewed about straightforward and complex situations involving harm (i.e., hitting). All participants provided negative evaluations of harm in response to general questions and almost all stated that there should be a law against hitting. The majority of evaluations were stable, meaning not contingent on parental authority, school rules, or common societal practice. All participants in the baseline (unprovoked) condition, and almost all participants in the survival condition provided negative evaluations of harm in Syrian war and Canadian resettlement contexts. The majority of participants provided negative evaluations of harm in retribution conditions, and a small but significant proportion evaluated harm as less acceptable in the resettlement context than in the war context. Negative evaluations elicited moral justifications (i.e., welfare, equality), whereas positive evaluations elicited nonmoral justifications (i.e., personal, authority/rules, and retaliation). The Canadian resettlement context elicited more authority/rules considerations than did the Syrian war context. Younger adolescents were significantly more likely than older adolescents to justify negative evaluations based on authority/rules. Older adolescents were more likely than younger adolescents to provide mixed evaluations for retribution conditions. Significant gender differences were not found. Cultural considerations, social and educational implications, and future directions are discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".