Selective Oxidation of Crude Glycerol to Dihydroxyacetone in a Biphasic Photoreactor
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, the first biphasic photoreactor was introduced and utilized for the conversion of glycerol to glyceraldehyde (GAD) and dihydroxyacetone (DHA) using water and ethyl acetate as dispersed (active) and continuous (inactive) phases, respectively. Increasing the ethyl acetate content in the reactor improved the DHA yield; however, the optimal DHA selectivity was obtained at an ethyl acetate to water ratio of 90:10 (vol/vol). Compared to a monophasic photoreactor containing only water and identical amounts of glycerol and photocatalyst, the biphasic reactor containing 90 vol % ethyl acetate increased the DHA yield by a factor of 2.9 (from 4.5% to 13%) and the concentration of DHA by approximately 14 times (from 0.08 mM to 1.1 mM) after 240 min. Additionally, photocatalytic conversion of crude glycerol extracted using a 90:10 (vol/vol) ethyl acetate-water mixture showed a similar DHA conversion and yield to that of pure glycerol.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".