Retrospective review of dosing trends in botulinum toxin injections for the treatment of adductor spasmodic dysphonia in a long-term cohort
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Botulinum toxin A (BT) is the gold standard treatment for adductor spasmodic dysphonia (AdSD) with established use for greater than thirty years. The spasmodic dysphonia (SD) literature would benefit from additional long-term cohort data, especially in the Canadian population. The goals of this study were to evaluate whether BT dosage required to achieve acceptable voice shifts over time and to elucidate differences in the subgroups of patients receiving unilateral vocal fold (UVF) injections. METHODS: Patient records were retrospectively reviewed at the regional tertiary Voice Clinic for AdSD patients from 1996 to 2017 to identify AdSD patients treated with serial BT injections. Descriptive statistics, paired t-tests for time between treatments and ANOVA tests were used to evaluate trends in subgroup age. RESULTS: One-hundred and twenty-six patients (61% female, mean age = 53 ± 15.5 years) met inclusion criteria and received laryngeal EMG-guided BT injections for up to twenty-two years and as many as 79 treatments. The mean total BT dosage for our population was 1.54 ± 0.35 Units per side. The majority of subjects had decreasing doses over time with a small subgroup having slowly increasing doses. Comparing treatment dosages between unilateral and bilateral injection groups, injection dosage per vocal fold was 1.65 ± 0.62 with time between injections was significantly shorter for the unilateral injection group (mean = 105 days, SD ± 19.8 days, p = 0.005) compared to the bilateral injection subgroup (137 ± 35.7 days, p < 0.005). The mean age of the unilateral injection population as younger at 42.4 ± 11.8 years (p = 0.004). CONCLUSION: The majority of patients in this study had decreasing BT injection dosages over time, with a smaller proportion having slowly increasing doses, thought to be likely relating to disease severity. The unilateral vocal fold injections were well tolerated despite needing more frequent injections, and found to be more prevalent in the younger age group.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".