Incorporation of β-Glucans in Meat Emulsions through Modeling Systems
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
ObjectivesRecent trends suggest novel ingredients can be added to meat products to achieve lower fat while incorporating functional compounds such as soluble fiber into the product. Incorporation of β-glucans (βG) at high quantities into meat products is an opportunity to provide recommended daily soluble fiber intake (3 g/d). This work aimed to evaluate the effects of the incorporation of βG in meat emulsions with modeling systems using carrageenan (C) and starch (S) as supplemental ingredients. Materials and MethodsModeling systems were accomplished with the incorporation of βG, C, and S in beef emulsions using an experimental design by “Design for constrained surfaces and mixtures”. The inclusion level of βG were selected based on daily intake requirements of this fiber (FDA recommendation of 3 g/d). Meat emulsions were manufactured with a standard formulation consisting of 59.2% lean beef, 10% olive oil, 24.4% water, 2% sodium chloride, 0.35% sodium polyphosphate, and 0.01% sodium nitrate. The emulsions were then combined with βG, C, and S according to 14 treatments generated by the software. Subsequently, the emulsions were packaged in collagen casings and vacuum sealed, weighed, and refrigerated at 4 ± 1°C until further analysis was conducted. Cooking loss (%), instrumental color, and textural profile analysis (TPA) were analyzed for the determination of optimal emulsion characteristics. Fitting response value was conducted using linear, quadratic, and cubic models. The results were expressed as the mean of 3 independent replicates and ANOVA was used to evaluate the statistical significance (P < 0.05) of each model equation. Then, the best mathematical models to describe cooking loss, instrumental color, and TPA were selected. The content of βG, TPA parameters, color, and microstructure were performed on the optimized emulsion to determine desirability. ResultsThe cubic models were best at describing cooking loss, instrumental color, and TPA parameters, with the lone exception of springiness. Emulsions with greater levels of βG and S had less cooking loss (< 1%), intermediate L* values (between 54 and 62 units), and greater hardness, cohesiveness, and springiness values compared with emulsions with lower levels of βG and S. The βG/S interaction showed a synergistic effect for cooking loss, while the use of C was eliminated during the optimization. The optimized emulsion contained 3.13 ± 0.11% βG, which could meet the daily intake levels of βG recommendations. Cooking loss, lightness (L*), and cohesiveness presented values similar or close to those expected by the optimization. On the other hand, hardness of the optimized emulsion was greater than planned and springiness decreased, possibly because the water was immobilized. Finally, the optimized emulsion presented a greater degree of aggregation, more compact and homogeneous structure with smaller pore size indicating the complete incorporation of hydrocolloids in the protein matrix. ConclusionAddition of βG and its mixtures with C and S decreased cooking loss and increased lightness (L*). Homogeneous mixtures were created with greater degree of aggregation, without requiring the binding capability of C. The optimization allowed for manufacturing of emulsions with lesser quantities of S and greater quantities of βG while achieving appropriate technological characteristics with the exception of hardness, which was greater in the optimized emulsion.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it