Mineralized Granitic Porphyry of the Yangla Copper Deposit, Western Yunnan, China: Geochemistry of Fluid Inclusions and H-O, S, and Pb Isotopes
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Yangla copper deposit (YCD) is located in the central part of the Jinshajiang tectonic belt (Jinshajiang metallogenic belt) and is one of the most important copper deposits which has the large-scale copper reserves of the northwestern Yunnan, China. The ore bodies are strictly controlled by the stratum, pluton, and structure, which are layered, lens, and vein-like within the contact or fracture zone of the pluton and surrounding rock. At Yangla, two styles of mineralization occur at the brecciated contact zone between the pluton (granodiorite and granitic porphyry) and carbonaceous wall rock and include strata bound/lens-shaped replacement of carbonate rocks (skarn style) and porphyry-style sulfide-quart-calcite veins. But, the granitic porphyry mineralization have received less attention; the isotope and fluid inclusion studies are relatively scarce for limited porphyry ore bodies that have been discovered at the YCD. Quartz-hosted fluid inclusions from the recently discovered granitic porphyry have homogenization temperature averaging around <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"><mml:mn>180</mml:mn><mml:mo>±</mml:mo><mml:mn>20</mml:mn></mml:math>°C and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2"><mml:mn>300</mml:mn><mml:mo>±</mml:mo><mml:mn>20</mml:mn></mml:math>°C with salinities ranging from 4 to 22 wt.% NaCl eq , pointing toward the contribution of medium temperature-medium salinity and low temperature-low salinity fluids during the metallogenesis. These fluid inclusions have δ 18 O H2O values ranging between -1.91‰ and -1.02‰ and δ D values ranging between -143.10‰ and -110‰, suggesting that the ore-forming fluid was a mix of magmatic and meteoric water. Ore-related pyrite/chalcopyrite have δ 34 S V-CDT values ranging from -1.0‰ to 1.0‰ and whole rocks have δ 34 S Σ S = 0.34, suggesting that sulfur mainly derived from magmatic rocks of the Yangla mining area. The sulfides 208 Pb/ 204 Pb ranged from 38.8208-38.9969, 207 Pb/ 204 Pb from 15.7079-15.7357, and 206 Pb/ 204 Pb from 18.5363-18.7045, indicating that the lead mainly originated from the upper crust. It is demonstrated that the evolution of ore-forming fluid is continuous from the skarn ore body (SOB) stage to the porphyritic ore body stage and belong to the products of the same ore-forming fluid system, and the unisothermal mixing and cooling actions were maybe the main mechanism at the metallic minerals precipitation in mineralized granitic porphyry (MGP). A model is proposed according to the early stage, a magmatic fluid reacted and replaced with the surrounding carbonate rocks and then formed skarn-type ore bodies. The magmatic-hydrothermal fluid subsequently deposited porphyry-type quartz-calcite veins, veinlets, and stockwork mineralization.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it