Techno-Economic Evaluation of Interconnected Nuclear-Renewable Micro Hybrid Energy Systems with Combined Heat and Power
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Renewable energy sources (RESs) play an indispensable role in sustainable advancement by reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Nevertheless, due to the shortcomings of RESs, an energy mix with RESs is required to support the baseload and to avoid the effects of RES variability. Fossil fuel-based thermal generators (FFTGs), like diesel generators, have been used with RESs to support the baseload. However, using FFTGs with RESs is not a good option to reduce GHG emissions. Hence, the small-scale nuclear power plant (NPPs), such as the micro-modular reactor (MMR), have become a modern alternative to FFTGs. In this paper, the authors have investigated five different hybrid energy systems (HES) with combined heat and power (CHP), named ‘conventional small-scale fossil fuel-based thermal energy system,’ ‘small-scale stand-alone RESs-based energy system,’ ‘conventional small-scale fossil fuel-based thermal and RESs-based HES,’ ‘small-scale stand-alone nuclear energy system,’ and ‘nuclear-renewable micro hybrid energy system (N-R MHES),’ respectively, in terms of net present cost (NPC), cost of energy (COE), and GHG emissions. A sensitivity analysis was also conducted to identify the impact of the different variables on the systems. The results reveal that the N-R MHES could be the most suitable scheme for decarbonization and sustainable energy solutions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".