Vitamin E and Mortality in Male Smokers of the ATBC Study: Implications for Nutritional Recommendations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)-monograph (USA and Canada) states that the estimated average requirement (EAR) of vitamin E for men and women of any age is 12 mg/day, which further leads to the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of 15 mg/day. The EAR value is based on in vitro hemolysis in young males; a surrogate endpoint without any shown validity. The EAR is then extrapolated to older individuals. The validity of the EAR of 12 mg/day is therefore questionable. The current study analyzed the association between dietary vitamin E intake and the effect of 25 mg/day of vitamin E supplement on mortality in male smokers aged 50-69 years in the Alpha-Tocopherol-Beta-Carotene (ATBC) Study. The effect of vitamin E supplement was estimated by Cox regression. Among participants who had dietary vitamin C intake of 90 mg/day and more, vitamin E supplement increased mortality by 19% (p = .006) in those aged 50-62 years, but decreased mortality by 41% (p = .0003) in those aged 66-69 years. No association between vitamin E supplement effect and dietary vitamin E intake was found in these two groups, nor in participants who had dietary vitamin C intake of less than 90 mg/day. This analysis of male smokers challenges the validity of the ‘average requirement’ of 12 mg/day of vitamin E for males aged 51 years and older. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00342992.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".