Vitamin E and Mortality in Male Smokers of the ATBC Study: Implications for Nutritional Recommendations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)-monograph (USA and Canada) states that the estimated average requirement (EAR) of vitamin E for men and women of any age is 12 mg/day, which further leads to the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of 15 mg/day. The EAR value is based on in vitro hemolysis in young males; a surrogate endpoint without any shown validity. The EAR is then extrapolated to older individuals. The validity of the EAR of 12 mg/day is therefore questionable. The current study analyzed the association between dietary vitamin E intake and the effect of 25 mg/day of vitamin E supplement on mortality in male smokers aged 50-69 years in the Alpha-Tocopherol-Beta-Carotene (ATBC) Study. The effect of vitamin E supplement was estimated by Cox regression. Among participants who had dietary vitamin C intake of 90 mg/day and more, vitamin E supplement increased mortality by 19% (p = .006) in those aged 50-62 years, but decreased mortality by 41% (p = .0003) in those aged 66-69 years. No association between vitamin E supplement effect and dietary vitamin E intake was found in these two groups, nor in participants who had dietary vitamin C intake of less than 90 mg/day. This analysis of male smokers challenges the validity of the ‘average requirement’ of 12 mg/day of vitamin E for males aged 51 years and older. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00342992.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.010 | 0.022 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".