Bibliographic record
Abstract
Frog embryos have a simple embryonic kidney that contains a single giant nephron and an external glomerulus. These are known as pronephric kidneys and are essential for the survival of the embryo up until metamorphosis. The role of individual genes in kidney development can be analyzed in frog embryos by injecting in vitro synthesized mRNA encoding a product of interest, waiting two days for the pronephroi to form, then assaying kidney structure or function. We have used this simple system to assess the role of various long and short range signals on kidney development. Hedgehog was found to have potent effects on the tubular portion of the kidney but to have no impact on glomerular development. Exposure to hedgehog therefore generates functional glomeruli in the complete absence of a nephron. The mode of action of hedgehog was analyzed using microarray analysis of microdissected kidney primordia from mRNA injected embryos. The data generated in this manner identified a number of genes already known to be critical for kidney development, plus hundreds of new candidates that may be equally important. Follow up experiments on one of these, fgf8, confirmed a novel but essential role for this molecule in the pronephric mesenchymal to epithelial transition.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".