Transgenerational Effects of Copper on a Freshwater Gastropod, Planorbella pilsbryi
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Although much less common in ecotoxicology than traditional single-generation studies, multigenerational studies may offer a deeper understanding of the chronic and population-level effects caused by contaminants. To evaluate the potential utility of multigenerational contaminant studies and develop a feasible generational test design, we conducted a two-generational toxicity test using the freshwater File Ramshorn snail (Planorbella pilsbryi). Adults were exposed to five sublethal concentrations of copper, which resulted in significant delays in reproduction with increasing copper exposure and complete reproductive inhibition at the highest concentration (75.0 µg/L). Mortality and inhibition of reproduction were not observed in the control and three lowest concentrations (4.7, 9.4, and 18.8 µg/L Cu) over the course of the exposure and during recovery in clean water, indicating no lasting adverse effects. However, subsequent exposure of the unexposed juveniles that were produced during the recovery period (i.e. those not directly exposed to copper) showed that juveniles born to copper-exposed parents (LC50: 11.57 µg/L Cu; 95% CI: 3.71–19.43 µg/L Cu) were significantly less tolerant to copper exposure than juveniles born to unexposed parents (LC50: 29.25 µg/L Cu; 95% CI: 22.17–36.32 µg/L Cu). Despite no obvious changes in parental reproductive success, the fitness of unexposed juveniles was compromised due to parental exposure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".