Experimental Study on Direct Shear Mechanical Characteristics of Warm Frozen Silty Clay
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The strength of the warm frozen soil is the key to the design of buildings and structures in the permafrost region, laying the basis for the safe operation and stability evaluation in the later stage of building/structure projects.In this paper, the frozen red silty clay is collected from Wudaoliang section of Qinghai-Tibet Highway, and prepared into samples for direct shear experiments.During the experiments, the direct shear properties of the samples were observed under different densities, normal stresses, water contents, temperatures, etc.The results show that, with the growing density, the cohesion of the frozen silty clay continues to increase, while the internal friction angle decreases first and then increases; with the growth in water content, the cohesion and internal friction angle show the same trends, but the angle increment is small; with the increase in normal stress, the internal friction angle exhibits a declining trend; the shear strength of the frozen soil has a linear relationship with temperature.Through theoretical analysis, the author established an expression for the relationship between shear strength and temperature of warm frozen soil at 0~-2℃, and confirmed that the shear stress-strain relationship of the frozen silty clay belongs to the strain hardening type, which obeys the hyperbolic model proposed by Clough and Duncan.The research findings lay a solid basis for the building/structure design in permafrost regions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".