Risk Factors of Infectious Complications after Ureteroscopy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Based on Adjusted Effect Estimate
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Multiple studies have reported that gender, pre-operative stent insertion, positive pre-operative urine culture results, and diabetes mellitus are associated with infectious complication after ureteroscopy. A previous meta-analysis focused on this topic is based, however, on crude estimate. Further analysis based on adjusted estimates is needed. Methods: PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library database were searched with ureteroscopy, ureteroscopies, ureteroscopic surgical procedures, ureteroscopic surgery, ureteroscopic lithotripsy, flexible ureteroscopic lithotripsy, ureteroscopy (URS), flexible ureterorenoscopy, risk factor, predictor, predicting model, and nomogram until December 15, 2019. The quality of research was evaluated by Newcastle-Ottawa Scale system. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of each risk factor were extracted. Meta-analysis was performed with Stata 15.0 software. Heterogeneity was assessed by I2. Publication bias was tested by the Egger test, and funnel plot. Meta-regressions and subgroup analysis were further performed. Results: There were 16 studies; 12,357 patients finally were included in this meta-analysis. The association between gender (OR = 1.82, 95% CI: 1.48–2.23, I2 = 0%, p = 0.701), pre-operative ureteric stent insertion (OR = 1.91, 95% CI: 1.26–2.91, I2 = 40.4%, p = 0.109), diabetes mellitus (OR: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.07–1.85, I2 = 34.1%, p = 0.168), positive urine culture before URS (OR: 2.18, 95% CI: 1.34–3.57, I2 = 47.2%, p = 0.092), operation duration (OR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01–1.04, I2 = 70.6%, p = 0.001) and infectious complications was positively significant. All four pooled results were different from results of meta-analysis based on crude estimate. Conclusion: Female gender, pre-operative ureteric stent insertion, diabetes mellitus, positive urine culture results before URS, and operation duration are risk factors for infectious complications after URS. Meta-analysis based on adjusted estimates may be more convincing.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.011 | 0.006 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it