Insecticide Resistance and Detoxification Enzymes Activity in Nilaparvata lugens Stål Against Neonicotinoids
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) is one of the most destructive pests of rice crops in Asian. To assess the resistance of imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, clothianidin, and nitenpyram, N. lugens exposed to each pesticide up to 15 generations. Results showed that the resistance of N. lugens increased significantly against imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, clothianidin, and nitenpyram (neonicotinoids) under selection pressure. There was a 118.07-fold increase in resistance against imidacloprid, 90.37-fold against thiamethoxam, 217.81-fold against clothianidin, and 34.09-fold against nitenpyram in 15th generation as compared to F0. Based on fold increase, imidacloprid and clothianidin subjected for enzymatic analysis and results showed that enzyme activity involves resistance development against neonicotinoids. Cytochrome P450, esterase, and GST had significantly higher activity as the generation passes under the selection pressure of imidacloprid and clothianidin. There was a significant correlation existed between GST, and esterase activity, when compared to LC50 of imidacloprid. GST, esterase and P450 showed a significant correlation with LC50 of clothianidin. The results showed that detoxification enzymes play an important role in insecticide detoxification. When the mixture of imidacloprid and clothianidin tested results showed that the mortality exerted was similar to control when imidacloprid and clothianidin resistant populations were exposed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".