Noteworthy Idiosyncrasies of 1α,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D <sub>3</sub> Kinetics for Extrapolation from Mouse to Man
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Calcitriol or 1α,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D 3 [1,25(OH) 2 D 3 ] is the active ligand of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) that plays a vital role in health and disease. Vitamin D is converted to the relatively inactive metabolite, 25‐hydroxyvitamin D 3 [25(OH)D 3 ] by CYP27A1 and CYP2R1 in the liver, then to 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 by a specific, mitochondrial enzyme, CYP27B1 (1α‐hydroxylase) that is present primarily in the kidney. Degradation of both metabolites is mostly carried out by the more ubiquitous mitochondrial enzyme, CYP24A1. Despite that calcitriol inhibits its formation and degradation, allometric scaling revealed strong interspecies (mouse, rat, dog and human) correlations of the net calcitriol clearance (CL from dose/AUC ∞ ), production rate (PR), and basal, plasma calcitriol concentration (C BL ) with body weight (BW). A closer scrutiny of the collated literature data revealed that the basal plasma concentration of calcitriol was not taken into consideration in the estimation of AUC ∞ (with subtraction of C BL ) and CL after exogenous calcitriol dosing in both animals and humans. This led to an overestimation of AUC ∞ and underestimation of CL. After correction, the allometric equations [plots of log(CL) or log(PR) versus log(body weight) or log(BW)] were: CL=0.654xBW 0.807 and PR=36.6xBW 0.718 . The CL of calcitriol was further influenced by diseased states, and was found to be reduced in chronic kidney disease but increased in cancer when compared to healthy humans. These changes, however, were not discerned with allometric scaling since all clinical data appeared as a cluster of closely similar values on the allometric plot. PBPK‐PD (physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic‐pharmacodynamic) modeling (Ramakrishnan et al 2016), however, confirmed the dynamic interactions between calcitriol and Cyp27b1/Cyp24a1, showing the increase in CL as well as decrease in PR in a dose‐dependent fashion for the intravenous, murine data of Quach et al (2015). The PBPK model was successful in predicting data from the escalating oral and intravenous doses of calcitriol given to cancer patients upon scale‐up.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".