Hemodynamic Sex‐differences in Diastolic Function
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background In the past decade, cardiac research has focused on the emerging crisis of diastolic dysfunction, commonly observed in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) — a disorder with ineffective management strategies. Diastolic dysfunction is abnormal active relaxation and/or passive stiffness of the ventricle. Because echocardiography is non‐invasive and accessible to more specialities, it remains widely used in the diagnosis and prognostic gradation of diastolic dysfunction. However, echocardiography provides indirect estimations of diastolic indices because diastolic measures were calibrated based on direct measures of end diastolic filling pressure (the gold standard for diastolic assessment). As it is increasingly evident that the manifestation of heart failure in men/males and women/females is not the same, a focus on sex‐specific mechanisms and physiology of diastole is warranted. Experimental Approach The primary objective of this work is to perform a comprehensive hemodynamic analysis of diastolic function in males and females to highlight sex‐differences that exist in diastolic physiology and provide implications in cardiac pathology. Male and female Wistar rats were anesthetized with isoflurane and a pressure catheter was inserted into the right carotid artery and advanced into the left ventricle. Pressure measurements were sampled at 2kHz and digitized using custom software. Diastolic parameters – end diastolic pressure (EDP), maximum relaxation rate (dP/dt min ), isovolumetric relaxation time constant (Tau Weiss, Glantz, Logistic) – were analyzed to evaluate diastolic function. Results and Conclusions Diastolic function in healthy males and females is not equal, suggesting there are sex‐specific differences in diastolic physiology. In a pathological state, each of the diastolic parameters follows its own unique time course until severe dysfunction is present, suggesting that diastole cannot be reconciled by any one parameter. EDP, dP/dt min and Tau Logistic should be used together to stratify dysfunction as diastole is a dynamic process and each parameter captures a specific nuance. Support or Funding Information Canadian Institutes of Health Research
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".