Circularly‐polarised end‐fire antenna and arrays for 5G millimetre‐wave beam‐steering systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study presents a circularly‐polarised substrate‐integrated waveguide end‐fire antenna and four‐antenna arrays for 5G beam‐steering mobile devices at 28 GHz. Polarisation is achieved through implementation of a substrate‐integrated waveguide notched‐septum polariser. It is then loaded with a dielectric lens to improve gain, axial ratio bandwidth, and circular polarisation (CP) purity. To suppress the mutual coupling between array elements, vias are extended on either side of the lens. It also improves the single‐element axial ratio and front‐to‐back ratio. The antenna's performance is found to be resilient to typical manufacturing tolerances for the lens and via extensions. The element and arrays are manufactured and measured. The prototypes demonstrated an impedance bandwidth of 11.4% with a maximum array gain of 10.5 dBi and a steering range of up to (with reduced performance when steered to ). Within this range, the antenna array demonstrates a gain variation of up to 3 dB and very good CP purity within the radiation half‐power beamwidths (HPBWs). A wide single‐element elevation HPBW of is also demonstrated. Given its performance and ease of manufacture in a printed circuit board process, the proposed antenna could be a strong candidate for 5G millimetre‐wave beam‐steering systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".