Variations in contributions of dead copepods to vertical fluxes of particulate organic carbon in the Beaufort Sea
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Dead zooplankton, including crustaceans, are increasingly recognized as important agents of vertical carbon export from surface waters and in marine food webs. Quantifying the contribution of passively sinking copepods (PSCs) to vertical fluxes of total particulate organic carbon (POC) is important for understanding marine ecosystem carbon budgets. Information on this is limited because identifying PSCs in sediment trap samples is difficult. Generally, swimmers (undecomposed metazoans, including PSCs, caught in sediment traps) are removed from a trap sample before the POC content is measured, although ignoring PSCs causes the total POC flux to be significantly underestimated. We quantified temporal and regional variability in PSC flux and contribution of PSCs to total POC flux (PSCs + detrital sinking particles, generally analyzed to estimate detrital POC flux) at the Mackenzie Shelf margins in the Beaufort Sea. Six datasets were used to examine PSC flux variability at ~100 m depth, which is deeper than the winter pycnocline depth (30-50 m), at the continental margin. The average (±SD) annual PSC flux (1378 ± 662 mg C m -2 yr -1 , n = 6 [datasets]) and PSC contribution to the total POC flux (21 ± 10%, n = 6) suggested that PSCs, especially Pareuchaeta glacialis , were important agents of POC export from the surface layer (~100 m) to deeper water at the inter-regional and multiyear scales. We propose a hypothesis that processes controlling PSC flux variability may vary seasonally, perhaps relating to life cycle (reproduction) in winter (February) and osmotic stress in July-October when the PSC flux is relatively high.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".