Cortical and trabecular bone microstructural parameters and dietary stable isotopes throughout ontogeny
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction Recent research has revealed correlations between δ 15 N, an indicator of dietary protein sources, and measures of intracortical and endosteal bone remodeling in adults. Given that these isotopes are used to infer the prevalence and duration of breastfeeding in past populations, it may be possible to specifically target bone microstructural variation associated with early life nutrition. It is critical to develop a more robust understanding of skeletal responses to weaning and infant diet, as they ultimately influence final body size proportions, skeletal fragility, and osteoporosis risk. Materials and Methods The sample is 27 mid‐sternal rib bone sections, each representing one child (0–16 years of age) from the Wesleyan Methodist cemetery of Prospect Hill, Newmarket, ON (1824–1879 AD). All specimens were scanned using the SkyScan 1174 Micro‐CT system at the Lunenfeld‐Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, ON. Quantitative parameters were derived using SkyScan CT‐analyser software. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios from bone collagen were previously reported (Katzenberg and Pfeiffer1995). Spearman’s rank order correlation coefficients were calculated to explore relationships between each bone microstructural variable and age‐at‐death. Partial corrections, controlling for age, were used to examine the relationships between bone microstructural variables and δ 13 C and δ 15 N. Results Cortical bone variables relating to cross‐sectional size increase from birth to late adolescence. With age, bone volume fraction (BV/TV), trabecular number (Tb.N) and connectivity density (Conn.Dn) decrease, while trabecular spacing (Tb.Sp) increases. Relationships between bone microstructural variables and δ 13 C or δ 15 N values are not straightforward. Discussion and Conclusion Ontogenetic patterns of microstructural variation in the rib are similar to those of other bones undergoing endochondral ossification. Linkage to characteristics of infant and childhood dietary protein may be mitigated by causes of death.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".