Prevalence and molecular characterization of occult hepatitis B virus in pregnant women from Gondar, Ethiopia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: The greatest risk of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is from mother-to-child transmission. Approximately 20% of individuals in sub-Saharan Africa are hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen-positive (HBsAg+), but the prevalence of occult hepatitis B (OHB) is unknown. Aim: This study investigated CHB and OHB prevalence and viral variants in a cohort of pregnant women in Gondor, Ethiopia. Methods: = 200; median age 27 [inter-quartile range] 8.3y) from March through June 2016. Data were collected using an investigator-administered questionnaire. Plasma was tested for HBsAg and HBV core antibody (anti-HBc), and HBV genotype and presence of HBV variants (ie, vaccine escape mutants [VEMs]) were determined by polymerase chain reaction, Sanger sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis. Results: Of women tested, 1% (2/200) were HBsAg+; 26.8% (47/182) of HBsAg-negative patients were anti-HBc+, of whom 37/47 (78.7%) had detectable HBV DNA. The overall rate of OHB was 20.3%. Both HBsAg+ cases were HBV genotype D, and 36/37 (97.3%) of OHB individuals were genotype D. None carried VEM, but both HBsAg+ cases and 32/37 (86.5%) of the OHB cases showed lamivudine-resistant mutations. Conclusions: Twenty-seven percent of pregnant women in this cohort showed evidence of CHB or prior HBV exposure (ie, HBsAg+ or anti-HBc+) and clinically relevant HBV variants. Data from this single-centre study suggests high HBV prevalence, reinforcing the World Health Organization's recommendation for universal prenatal HBV screening and infant vaccination.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".