Cerebellar Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Disrupts Vestibular Reflexes in Standing Balance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Despite its seemingly effortless execution, standing balance is a complex task maintained by the integration of sensory feedback from visual, somatosensory (muscle, skin, joint receptors), and vestibular (inner ear) systems. The vestibular system provides feedback about head acceleration and can be manipulated experimentally by passing an electrical current percutaneously through the mastoid processes. The cerebellum plays an important role in standing balance by integrating sensory feedback to refine activity in postural muscles. A recent study has shown that experimentally depressing cerebellar activity with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation can influence postural sway and muscle reflex responses following electrical vestibular stimulation. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of acute cerebellar stimulation on vestibular muscle reflex responses in different head positions during standing balance. We applied a novel combination of stochastic electrical vestibular stimulation (SVS, ±2.5 mA, 0–20 Hz) and single‐pulse cerebellum transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS, 60% maximum stimulator output) on fifteen healthy adults (6 males, 9 females; 21–32 years old) in two head positions: head forward and head right. Muscle reflexes were recorded bilaterally with surface electromyography (EMG) from lower leg (soleus and medial gastrocnemius) and neck (sternocleidomastoid) muscles. Time‐based cumulant density and frequency‐based coherence analyses were used to evaluate the relationship between the SVS and evoked EMG responses one second before (Pre) and one second after (Post) cerebellar TMS. 50 TMS pulses were delivered per head position. Preliminary analysis performed on left medial gastrocnemius (LMG) head right data indicated a significant reduction in the short latency (SL, P = 0.0377) and medium latency (ML, P < 0.0001) reflexes following cerebellar TMS (Fig. ). In addition, a significant drop in the coherence between the SVS and LMG Pre to Post was found using a difference of coherence test. These findings support the cerebellum to be an important center for the integration of vestibular feedback for the control of standing balance. Support or Funding Information Mount Royal University Faculty of Science and Technology Figure 1
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".