Hyoid Bone Size and Its Implications for Social Organization and Sexual Selection in Alouatta pigra and the Elusive Alouatta macconnelli
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The purpose of this research paper is focusing on the hyoid bone in Alouatta pigra and Alouatta macconnelli and determine its role in affecting the social organization and sexual selection of the individuals in these species. This includes the discussion on the dimensions of the hyoid between the males and females as well as an analysis of observed social behaviour patterns and the sexual selection process. It was found that female Alouatta pigra had a larger hyoid than males of the species and that Alouatta macconnelli males had a hyoid nearly twice the size of females. The hyoids were measured from the Mammal Biodiversity collection at the Royal Ontario Museum. The bones dimensions were taken using plastic calipers and their circumference measured using a soft tape measure. Based on the sexual selection and social organisation of Alouatta pigra which is multi-male/multi-female with the occasional unimale with multiple females, the null hypothesis must be accepted as the larger hyoid is not found in males but in females and the size of the hyoid does not affect the social organization in this species. In Alouatta macconnelli, there is little information on this species but the null hypothesis is rejected as males have much larger hyoids than females and the social organization is that of a uni-male with multiple females.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".