Lichens and associated fungi from Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Lichens are widely acknowledged to be a key component of high latitude ecosystems. However, the time investment needed for full inventories and the lack of taxonomic identification resources for crustose lichen and lichenicolous fungal diversity have hampered efforts to fully gauge the depth of species richness in these ecosystems. Using a combination of classical field inventory and extensive deployment of chemical and molecular analysis, we assessed the diversity of lichens and associated fungi in Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska (USA), a mixed landscape of coastal boreal rainforest and early successional low elevation habitats deglaciated after the Little Ice Age. We collected nearly 5000 specimens and found a total of 947 taxa, including 831 taxa of lichen-forming and 96 taxa of lichenicolous fungi together with 20 taxa of saprotrophic fungi typically included in lichen studies. A total of 98 species (10.3% of those detected) could not be assigned to known species and of those, two genera and 27 species are described here as new to science:Atrophysma cyanomelanosgen. et sp. nov.,Bacidina circumpulla,Biatora marmorea,Carneothele sphagnicolagen. et sp. nov.,Cirrenalia lichenicola,Corticifraga nephromatis,Fuscidea muskeg,Fuscopannaria dillmaniae,Halecania athallina,Hydropunctaria alaskana,Lambiella aliphatica,Lecania hydrophobica,Lecanora viridipruinosa,Lecidea griseomarginata,L. streveleri,Miriquidica gyrizans,Niesslia peltigerae,Ochrolechia cooperi,Placynthium glaciale,Porpidia seakensis,Rhizocarpon haidense,Sagiolechia phaeospora,Sclerococcum fissurinae,Spilonema maritimum,Thelocarpon immersum,Toensbergia blastidiataandXenonectriella nephromatis. An additional 71 ‘known unknown’ species are cursorily described. Four new combinations are made:Lepra subvelata(G. K. Merr.) T. Sprib.,Ochrolechia minuta(Degel.) T. Sprib.,Steineropsis laceratula(Hue) T. Sprib. & Ekman andToensbergia geminipara(Th. Fr.) T. Sprib. & Resl. Thirty-eight taxa are new to North America and 93 additional taxa new to Alaska. We use four to eight DNA loci to validate the placement of ten of the new species in the ordersBaeomycetales,Ostropales,Lecanorales,Peltigerales,Pertusarialesand the broader class Lecanoromycetes with maximum likelihood analyses. We present a total of 280 new fungal DNA sequences. The lichen inventory from Glacier Bay National Park represents the second largest number of lichens and associated fungi documented from an area of comparable size and the largest to date in North America. Coming from almost 60°N, these results again underline the potential for high lichen diversity in high latitude ecosystems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".