Oxidative Dehydrogenation of <i>n</i>-Butane to C4 Olefins Using Lattice Oxygen of VO<i><sub>x</sub></i>/Ce-meso-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> under Gas-Phase Oxygen-Free Conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High-performance, fluidizable VOx/Ce-meso-Al2O3 catalysts were prepared by an excessive solvent approach. The prepared catalysts were characterized using various physicochemical techniques in order to secure desired properties. XRD, Raman, and FTIR analyses indicated the presence of amorphous VOx phases on Ce-meso-Al2O3. Nitrogen adsorption isotherm analysis confirmed a mesoporous framework with a high surface area of the catalysts. H2-TPR reduction showed an active and stable behavior of the catalysts in repeated reduction and oxidation cycles. The NH3-TPD and NH3 desorption kinetics analysis revealed that the synthesized catalysts have moderate acidities and low activation energies of NH3 desorption, suggesting weak metal–support interactions. The VOx/Ce-meso-Al2O3 catalysts were evaluated for n-butane oxidative dehydrogenation (BODH) using a fluidized CREC riser simulator under gas-phase oxygen-free conditions. The reaction time and reaction temperature were varied between 5 and 25 s and 450–575 °C, respectively. It was found that BODH with 0.2 wt % cerium-doped VOx/meso-Al2O3 catalysts gives the highest selectivity (62.3%) of C4 olefins with a conversion of 10.6% at 450 °C and 5 s. Furthermore, the fluidizable VOx/Ce-meso-Al2O3 catalyst showed a stable performance over repeated feed injections followed by catalyst regeneration cycles for BODH.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".