Simultaneous Intravital Optical and Acoustic Monitoring of Ultrasound-Triggered Nanobubble Generation and Extravasation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ultrasound-activated nanobubbles are being widely investigated as contrast agents and therapeutic vehicles. Nanobubbles hold potential for accessing the tumor extravascular compartment, though this relies on clinically debated passive accumulation for which evidence to date is indirect. We recently reported ultrasound-triggered conversion of high payload porphyrin-encapsulated microbubbles to nanobubbles, with actively enhanced permeability for local delivery. This platform holds implications for optical/ultrasound-based imaging and therapeutics. While promising, it remains to be established how nanobubbles are generated and whether they extravasate intact. Here, insights into the conversion process are reported, complemented by novel simultaneous intravital and acoustic monitoring in tumor-affected functional circulation. The first direct acoustic evidence of extravascular intact nanobubbles are presented. These insights collectively advance this delivery platform and multimodal micro- and nanobubbles, extending their utility for imaging and therapeutics within and beyond the vasculature.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".