P4–034: Beta amyloid deposition and hyperphosphorylated tau are also present in the degenerating pancreas in type 2 diabetes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Strong epidemiologic evidence supports an association between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes. Inflammation and amyloidosis play an important role in the pathogenesis of both. The 4 kDa amyloid beta peptide (AB) aggregates in AD and amylin (37 kDa) in diabetes type 2. Previously “curly fibers” and “tangles” with an ultrastructure similar to paired helical filaments of neurofibrillary tangles were also observed in other organs than the brain, including the pancreas. The goal of the present study was to analyze whether amyloid beta and hyperphosphorylated tau, the two biological markers of AD, may also be present in the affected pancreas in type 2 diabetes. An immunonohistochemical analysis of brains and pancreas of 37 autopsy cases including 20 definite AD and 8 type 2 diabetes cases was performed. A panel of different antibodies to detect AB, amylin, tau, ubiquitin and Apo–E was used. Using infrared microspectrophotometry (SIRMS) we analyzed the presence of a beta sheet formation in islet amyloid deposits. Antibodies to the inflammatory markers for activated macrophages and complement proteins C3d, C4d and the membrane attack complex were also used to detect whether in the pancreas, similarly to the brain in AD, local inflammation was also present. Amylin, beta amyloid, AT8, ubiquitin and Apo–E were all expressed in the degenerating pancreas in type 2 diabetes. The islet amyloid, similar to senile plaques, showed a beta sheet conformation by SIRMS. Amyloid beta and hyperphosphorylated tau are both present in degenerating islets in the pancreas of type 2 diabetes. CR3/43 positive activated macrophages and complement activation in the lesions were also seen in the affected pancreas. These observations indicate a common pathogenic link between AD and type 2 diabetes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".