Parity–time-symmetric frequency-tunable optoelectronic oscillator with a single dual-polarization optical loop
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We propose and experimentally demonstrate a parity–time (PT)-symmetric frequency-tunable optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) in which the PT symmetry is implemented based on a single dual-polarization optical loop. By employing the inherent birefringence of a z-cut lithium niobate ( L i N b O 3 ) phase modulator (PM), two mutually coupled optoelectronic loops supporting orthogonally polarized light waves with one experiencing a gain and the other a loss are implemented. By controlling the gain, loss, and the coupling coefficients between the two loops, the PT symmetry breaking condition is met, which enables the OEO to operate in single mode without using an ultranarrow passband optical or microwave filter. The frequency tunability is realized using a microwave photonic filter (MPF) implemented using the PM and a phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating (PS-FBG). The proposed PT-symmetric OEO is experimentally evaluated. A stable and frequency-tunable microwave signal from 2 to 12 GHz is generated. The phase noise of the generated signal at 11.8 GHz is measured, which is − 124 d B c / H z at a frequency offset of 10 kHz.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".