Control of strong-field ionization in ferroelectric lithium niobate: Role of the spontaneous polarization
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report the control of tunnel ionization in lithium niobate (${\mathrm{LiNbO}}_{3}$) using phase-controlled two-color laser fields. Through a macroscopic observable of high contrast, we disclose the crucial contribution of the microscopic spontaneous polarization of the ferroelectric material to the ionization rate: as the relative two-color phase is varied, the ablated area of ${\mathrm{LiNbO}}_{3}$ is modulated by 35% when the laser and crystal polarization directions are parallel. Rotating the sample by ${180}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ around the laser propagation axis leads to an out-of-phase modulation. We use a two-band model to highlight the key contribution of the material's spontaneous polarization for the symmetry breaking of the ionization rate. Our results open new perspectives for the direct control of ionization dynamics in solids by tailoring the electric field of femtosecond laser pulses.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".