Electrodeposited TiB<sub>2</sub> Coating on Graphite As Wettable Cathode for Al Production
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from the Canadian aluminum industry was about 6 Mt of CO 2 eq in 2017, an amount equivalent to the GHG emitted by about 1.3 million cars [1-2]. The use of inert anodes, like Ni-Fe-Cu alloys [3], instead of carbon anodes to produce O 2 rather than CO 2 during aluminum electrolysis is paramount to curb GHG emissions from that industry. However, to maintain the energy efficiency of the process, the opposite cathode material must be wetted by molten aluminum to decrease the anode-to-cathode distance and thus reduce the overall cell voltage. TiB 2 presents a good wettability by molten Al. Also, it has good electrical conductivity and good chemical stability under Al electrolysis. Accordingly, TiB 2 is considered as an interesting cathode material to use in conjunction with inert anodes. However, its production as dense bulk cathode is challenging. In this work, the electrodeposition of TiB 2 on graphite substrate was performed by periodically interrupted current method in a molten LiF-NaF-KF salt at 600°C containing K 2 TiF 6 and KBF 4 as titanium and boron precursors, respectively [4]. The impact of the electrodeposition parameters on the crystalline structure, morphology, adhesion strength, Al wettability and Al penetration resistance of the TiB 2 deposits will be presented. [1] 2017 sustainable development report. Aluminium Association of Canada. [2] Greenhouse Gas Emissions from a Typical Passenger Vehicle. United States Environnemental Protection Agency, 2018 [3] S. Helle, M. Pedron, B. Assouli, B. Davis, D. Guay, L. Roué, Structure and high-temperature oxidation behaviour of Cu–Ni–Fe alloys prepared by high-energy ball milling for application as inert anodes in aluminium electrolysis. Corros. Sci. 52 (2010) 3348. [4] G. Ett, E.J. Pessine, Electrochim. Acta. 44 (1999) 2859. Figure 1: (A) SEM cross-section image of electrodeposited TiB 2 coating on graphite substrate. Optical images of Al droplet at 1000 °C on (B) TiB 2 -coated and (C) pure graphite substrates.Fig Figure 1
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".