Electrochemical CH<sub>4</sub> Oxidation on Spinel NiCo<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-Based Composite Catalysts
Bibliographic record
Abstract
CH4 is the main component of natural gas, which represents 21.4 % of the total primary sources of energy in the world; it is an essential fuel for both daily human life and chemical industry. The increasing emissions of methane is considered as a crucial issue because its effect as a greenhouse gas is more than 30 times potent than that of CO2. One attractive solution to cut-off the impact of methane emission is performed by oxidizing methane into liquid high-value fuels, such as methanol. For decades, the conversion of methane into liquid fuels has been a significant challenge for heterogeneous catalysis. Nevertheless, to yield higher efficiencies, complicated multistage processes should be utilized, which require higher pressures and temperatures and consequently extended infrastructure. On the contrary, the electrochemical oxidation of methane could be a far more promising approach. The challenge of producing liquid intermediate products at elevated rates and selectivity lies in activating CH4 while suppressing the competing oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and its complete oxidation into carbon dioxide, which is the most thermodynamically favorable product. It is worth mentioning that the direct electrochemical oxidation of CH4 at mild conditions is extremely sluggish. Alternatively, the CH4 oxidation could be achieved via exploiting the partial OER. The reaction would take place purely through a thermal catalytic step, whereby coupling the adsorbed oxygen atom (*O) on the active sites governed by the first two elementary reactions in OER with CH4 in the vicinity to it. Here, nickel-cobalt oxide (NiCo2O4)-based nanowire electrodes for partial oxidation of CH4 are reported. The NiCo2O4-based materials could achieve elevated electrochemical performance by its resilience in terms of controlling the pore properties and morphology. Nanowire catalysts with porous structures are attained by the facile decomposition of the adsorbed cetrimonium bromide during the calcination process. The spinel NiCo2O4 is further improved by incorporating metal oxides, i.e., RuO2 and V2O5, oxygen delivery sources. Moreover, the synergistic effects of the NiCo2O4 and metal oxides would enhance the conductivity and its bi-functional catalytic activity towards favoring CH4 and O* coupling. The electrocatalysts are investigated at room temperature in a liquid-phase electrolyzer, where the CH4 gas and anolyte flows are separated by a carbon-based gas diffusion layer that sandwiches the reaction interface between separate conductive and hydrophobic supports. Keywords : methane oxidation; NiCo2O4; synergistic effects; oxygen evolution reaction; gas diffusion electrode; spinel.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".