Citric acid as a green additive to retard calcium carbonate scales on process equipment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In this paper, the retarding effect of a green additive, citric acid, towards calcium carbonate scale deposition is studied. Scale formation is one of the most common causes of malfunctions in process equipment. This is the reason it is crucial to retard scale precipitation, that is, in order to reduce economic damages. With this additive in the solution, experimental runs have been carried out in supersaturation conditions in terms of concentration of calcium carbonate at equilibrium, with a supersaturation ratio ranging from 16 to 280, at 25°C. Three different concentrations of citric acid have been investigated (0.520 × 10 −3 , 1.041 × 10 −3 and 1.561 × 10 −3 M) in a laboratory scale plant. Comparing results obtained in terms of induction time with previous experimental runs, performed without additives, citric acid has shown its significant capacity to retard calcium carbonate precipitation, by increasing induction time values. This behaviour is enhanced by raising the additive concentration in solution up to a specific threshold value, beyond which no benefit in terms of calcium scale inhibition is gained. Furthermore, interfacial tension has been computed without and with citric acid at 0.520 × 10 −3 and 1.041 × 10 −3 M, as a function of the different concentration amounts investigated. The values obtained are in good agreement with data reported in the literature.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".