Membrane-Free Redox Electrochemical Cell Towards Large Scale Energy Storage
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Renewable energy sources are forecasted to supply half of the global energy demand in the future. Development of improved and cost-effective energy storage methods are in high demand due to the intermittency and locally distributed nature of renewable energy sources [1]. Redox flow battery (RFB) is a candidate technology for large-scale energy storage that can be coupled with renewable energy to alleviate intermittency problem [2]. A major contributor to the cost (40%) of RFB is the polymer electrolyte membrane, which is supposed to separate the catholyte and the anolyte [3]. Here, we propose membrane-free design wherein the classical anolyte and catholyte compartment, each with a redox auxiliary electrode pair, are connected by a metal wire. This design relieves the restriction of finding a common electrolyte for the anode and cathode chamber and eliminates the cross-over of undesirable ions between the two chambers. Thus, the new design offers the flexibility of using a wide variety of redox electrolytes (alkaline/acidic or aqueous/non-aqueous) in anode and cathode chambers independently [4]. For example, two compartment redox cell with a pair of auxiliary electrode allows the use of aqueous (acidic/alkaline) or nonaqueous (acidic/alkaline) electrolytes in anode and cathode chambers independent of one another, with electron conducting material connecting the auxiliary electrodes in both chambers during charging and discharging reactions as shown in Figure 1 . When oxidation occurs at the anode, corresponding auxiliary electrode udergoes reduction and hence an oxidized materials must be supplied here. Whereas, reduction occurs at the cathode and corresponding auxiliary electrode udergoes oxidation and hence a reduced materials must be supplied to enable a spontaenous charging and discharging of the redox electrolyte. The novel design helps couple spatially separated oxidation and reduction processes. Since, there is no membrane and mass transport across the chambers, the cost, performance, and degradation issues related to membrane are avoided. Alkaline and acidic electrolytes can be used indepenedent of the content in the other chamber. When the solubility of one type of redox electrolyte is limited or zero in aqueous solvent, that particular redox electrolyte alone can be dissolved in a different media/solvent and retain the counter electrolyte in aqueous based solvent [5]. Acknowledgements This research was undertaken thanks in part to funding from the University of Calgary and the Canada First Research Excellence Fund. References 1. Larcher, D. Tarascon, Jean-Marie. Nat. Chem. 7 (2015) 19-29. 2. Grigorii Soloveichik, Nature. 505 (2014) 163-165. 3. Puiki Leung, T. Martin, Akeel A. Shah, Mohd Rusllim Mohamed, Marc A. Anderson, Jesus Palma, J. Power Sources. 341 (2017) 36-45. 4. Senthil Velan Venkatesan, Venkataraman Thangadurai, Steve Larter, Kunal Karan, Jagos Radovic, US provisional patent application 62/887,464 filed August 15, 2019. 5. Senthil Velan Venkatesan, Kunal Karan, Steve Larter, Venkataraman Thangadurai, Sustainable Energy & Fuels. (2019) doi:1039/C9SE00734B. Figure 1
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".