Wettability State and Phase Distributions During Steam Injection with and without Chemical Additives: An Experimental Analysis Using Visual Micromodels
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary Phase change plays an essential role in wettability during steam injection, and oil becomes the wetting phase in the steam zone. This study investigates this unfavorable phenomenon using visual data obtained from micromodel experiments and how the wettability can be reversed using chemicals. All measurements were conducted at temperatures up to 200°C on glass-bead micromodels. The models were initially saturated with brine solution and then displaced by two types of mineral oils (450 and 111,600 cp at 25°C). Steam was then constantly injected into the micromodels to evaluate the effect of phase change and wettability status on residual saturation development. Next, chemical additives, screened from the previous contact-angle and thermal-stability measurements, were added to the steam to observe their ability in modifying phase distribution and wettability state. The results showed that phase distribution and residual oil saturation are critically sensitive to the steam phase. At any circumstances, wettability alteration with chemicals was possible. The shape and characteristics of the trapped oil with and without chemicals were identified through micromodel images, and suggestions were made as to the conditions (pressure, temperature, and time to apply during the injection application) at which these chemicals show optimal performance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".