Characterization of Pelvic, Foot and Tail Biometrics Using 3D-Kinematic Analysis during The Proestrus-Ovulation Period in Naturally Cycling Primiparous Dairy Cows Housed in a Tie-stall System
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate 3D-kinematics as a method for determining if primiparous dairy cows display differences in behaviour biometrics during the estrus period as ovulation approaches in a tie-stall system. The second objective was to evaluate the accuracy of behaviour biometrics as estrus alerts. Fourteen primiparous dairy cows (n = 14) were studied as part of a split-plot over time design. 3D-kinematic assessment took place during proestrus-estrus-ovulation period, Follicular diameter, corpus luteum (CL) diameter and estradiol (E2) concentrations served as physiological parameters to indirectly estimate the estrus period (d -1). The frequency of Pelvic tilts, Pelvic shifts left (Pelvicsl), Pelvic shifts right (Pelvicsr), Total pelvic shifts; TPelvicS), Foot strikes left (Foot strike L), Foot strikes right (Foot strike R), and Total feet strikes (TFootS) were recorded. Additionally, the frequency of Micro tail left (TailLMicro), and right (TailRMicro) movements, Middle tail left (TailLMid), and right (TailRMid) movements, Macro tail left (TailLMacro), right (TailRMacro) movements were also recorded. The overall length of estrous cycle in primiparous dairy cows in this study was 21.66 ± 3.09 (LSMeans ± SEM days). The largest Follicular diameter (LSMeans ± SEM; 17.04 ± 0.59 mm) and E2 (17.43 ± 1.76 pg/mL) occurred 24 h before ovulation. The frequency of some behaviour biometrics increased (LSMeans ± SEM Events/5min) at d -2 including Pelvic tilts (19.75 ± 8.67 Events/5min), Pelvicsl (20.26 ± 13.64), and TPelvicS (20.82 ± 8.79) compared to baseline (d -4, Pelvic tilt; 13.10 ± 8.32, Pelvicsl; 3.71 ± 2.52, and TPelvicS; 6.34 ± 2.72). Other significant patterns observed include a decrease at d -1 in the frequency of TFootS (9.86 ± 1.98), TTailMicro (7.30 ± 3.62), TTailMid (1.82 ± 1.01), and TTailMacro (1.66 ± 1.01) movements followed by an increase in frequency at d -4 (TFootS; 14.44 ± 2.78, TTailMicro; 14.57 ± 7.23, TTailMid; 6.07 ± 3.27, and TTailMacro; 1.84 ± 1.12). The accuracy of each behaviour biometric as a potential estrus alert was analyzed using J index values with balance sensitivity – specificity (J index, Se–Sp) levels (ROC curves analysis). Feet strikes had the greatest accuracy (0.50; 0.90-0.6) followed by Pelvic tilts (0.37; 0.78-0.59), Foot strikes L (0.33; 0.44-0.89), TailLMid (0.30; 1.00–0.30), TailLMacro (0.41; 1.0–0.41) and TFootS (0.34; 0.67-0.68). Our results indicate that naturally cycling, primiparous dairy cows housed in tie-stalls exhibit behavioural fluctuations such as the estrus period approaches, which can be used as estrus alerts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".