Plasma Choline Concentration Is Positively Correlated with Visual Acuity in 18-Month Old Toddlers: Preliminary Findings
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Adequate dietary intake of key nutrients is critical for brain and eye development in the first 1000 days of life. In particular, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and lutein are known for their roles in the development of visual acuity during infancy and early childhood. Preliminary data suggest that choline may also play a role in visual acuity; however, little is known about choline's role in visual acuity during toddlerhood. We hypothesize thatbiomarkers for DHA, choline, and lutein status are positively correlated with visual acuity in toddler-aged children. We studied cross-sectional baseline data from participants aged 18 months ± 2 weeks enrolled in a partially randomized controlled trial investigating associations between feeding patterns, nutrient biomarker status, and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Participants were recruited in Metro Vancouver, Canada. Visual acuity was measured using the Cardiff Acuity test with the logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (LogMAR) as the measure of visual acuity. The child's confidence in test completion was rated using a 5-point Likert scale; test results with confidence scores below 3 were excluded from further analyses. Sixty-nine toddlers, with preliminary data available at the time of analysis, had an equal distribution of males and females, 68% were the first-born child, and 55%, 19%, and 26% were of European, Chinese or other ethnicity, respectively. Preliminary (unadjusted) findings showed a positive correlation between plasma choline and visual acuity (rho = 0.33, P < 0.05). No significant correlations were observed between visual acuity and DHA concentration (as a percentage of total fatty acids from red blood cells) nor between visual acuity and plasma lutein concentration. Plasma choline may be positively associated with visual acuity at 18 months of age. These preliminary findings require confirmation in a larger sample size and testing of the causality of this relationship in a dose-dependency trial. Acknowledgment: We are grateful for Dr. Margaret Woodhouse's guidance in the methodology of the Cardiff Acuity test. This study is supported by The University of British Columbia, and the British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute and is funded by Société des Produits Nestlé S.A.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".