Correlation between plasma NGAL and ET-1 levels and cognitive dysfunction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective To investigate the relationship between the plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL)and endothelin-1 (ET-1) levels and cognitive dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Methods A case-control study was performed, consisting of 128 patients with COPD(68 patients without cognitive dysfunction and 60 patients with cognitive dysfunction) and 70 normal controls .All patients with COPD were diagnosed by pulmonary function tests and plasma levels of NGAL and ET-1 were determined by enzyme immunoassay.The cognitive function was evaluated by the MMSE and MoCA. Results ①Compared with normal control, the levels of plasma NGAL and ET-1 were increased(NGAL: (2.20±0.60)μg/L vs (1.69±0.73)μg/L, P<0.05; ET-1: (26.19±10.55)pg/ml vs (13.05±2.37)pg/ml, P<0.05) in COPD patients without cognitive dysfunction and in COPD patients with cognitive dysfunction(NGAL: (3.80±2.75)μg/L vs (1.69±0.73)μg/L, P<0.01; ET-1: (37.82±0.29)pg/ml vs (13.05±2.37)pg/ml, P<0.01). Compared with the COPD patients without cognitive dysfunction, the levels of plasma NGAL and ET-1 were also increased in COPD patients with cognitive dysfunction(all P<0.05). ②The plasma NGAL levels were correlated negatively with MMSE scores(r=-0.524, P<0.05), and negatively correlated with MoCA scores (r=-0.527, P<0.05). The plasma ET-1 levels were negatively correlated with MMSE scores( r=-0.549, P<0.05), and negatively correlated with MoCA scores(r=-0.558, P<0.05). The levels of NGAL and ET-1 were positively correlated(r=0.564, P<0.05). Conclusion NGAL and ET-1 may be involved in the pathophysiological process of cognitive dysfunction in patients with COPD, which provides a certain clinical value for the assessment of cognitive dysfunction in patients with COPD. Key words: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Cognitive dysfunction; Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; Endothelin-1
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".