Unbalanced Digit Sets and the Closest Choice Strategy for Minimal Weight Integer Representations.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An online algorithm is presented that produces an optimal radix-2 representation of an input integer n using digits from the set D`,u = {a ∈ Z : ` ≤ a ≤ u}, where ` ≤ 0 and u ≥ 1. The algorithm works by scanning the digits of the binary representation of n from leftto-right (i.e., from most-significant to least-significant). The output representation is optimal in the sense that, of all radix-2 representations of n with digits from D`,u, it has as few nonzero digits as possible (i.e., it has minimal weight). Such representations are useful in the efficient implementation of elliptic curve cryptography. The strategy the algorithm utilizes is to choose an integer of the form d2, where d ∈ D`,u, that is closest to n with respect to a particular distance function. It is possible to choose values of ` and u so that the set D`,u is unbalanced in the sense that it contains more negative digits than positive digits, or more positive digits than negative digits. Our distance function takes the possible unbalanced nature of D`,u into account.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".