Prevalence and Associated Factors of Myopia among Third-Grade Primary School Students in the Gongshu District of Hangzhou
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: To study the prevalence and risk factors of myopia in the initial stage among third-grade students in public primary schools, and to provide protective suggestions for the prevention and control of myopia among adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional study was used. From November 2017 to February 2018, a total of 1 004 third-grade students in Gongshu District of Hangzhou City were surveyed. Myopia questionnaires were used and eyesight-related parameters were obtained using cycloplegic refraction and biometry. Detailed questions on date-of-birth, outdoor activities, indoor activity, and parental refractive errors were asked in face-to-face interviews using a standard questionnaire. Cycloplegic refraction was performed on each research subject and a spherical equivalent (SE) of≤-0.5 D was designated as the myopia group and an SE>-0.5 D was designated as the non-myopia group. A rank sum test and Chi square were applied for parameters between the myopia and non-myopia groups. A binary logistic regression analysis was performed with myopia/non-myopia as dependent variables and all parameters as independent variables. Results: The prevalence of myopia (SE≤-0.5 D) was 32.3% among the 1 004 investigated subjects, 29.2% for male students and 35.4% for female students, implying a significant difference (χ2=4.43, P=0.035). Myopia prevalence for subjects born in the second quarter was significantly higher than those born in the first (χ2=4.30, P=0.041) and the fourth quarters (χ2=12.06, P<0.001). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the risk factors for the prevalence of myopia include degree of myopia on the paternal side (OR=1.509, P<0.001), degree of myopia on the maternal side (OR=1.360, P<0.001), female gender (binary logistic regression, OR=1.329, P=0.049), time spent on nearwork after school (OR=1.467, P=0.034), time spent on nearwork during holidays (OR=1.352, P<0.001), time spent on middle-distance work after school (OR=1.626, P=0.045) and time spent on middle-distance work during holidays (OR=1.860, P<0.001), while time spent outdoors after school (OR=0.618, P<0.001) and time spent outdoors during holidays (OR=0.823, P=0.004) act as protective factors. Conclusion: For the initial stage of myopia, our data analysis on third-grade students in the Gongshu District of Hangzhou shows that less outdoor activity, more near-distance and middle-distance work, parental history of myopia and female gender were associated with a greater risk for myopia. More outdoor activities may help to reduce the high prevalence of myopia. In addition to school days, holidays deserve more attention. Key words: prevalence of myopia; primary students; associated factors
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".