Three-dimensional geological modelling of the Paleozoic bedrock of southern Ontario: status update
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A regional 3-D lithostratigraphic model of the Paleozoic bedrock of southern Ontario was completed in 2019. The model encompasses the entire Phanerozoic succession of southern Ontario (110,000 km2), comprised of over 1,400 m of sedimentary strata straddling regional arches/forebulge zones separating the Appalachian Foreland Basin from the Michigan Structural Basin. This ambitious initiative provides an unprecedented regional 3-D perspective and digital framework and is amenable to numeric modelling of groundwater flow. Conversion to a 3-D hydrostratigraphic model is a future initiative. Model construction is guided by an updated regional lithostratigraphic chart, and utilizes Leapfrog Works - an implicit modelling application. There are 54 modelled Paleozoic bedrock layers representing 70 formations, plus the Precambrian basement, plus overlying unconsolidated sediments. Borehole records in Ontario's public petroleum well database (www.ogsrlibrary.com) are the principal data source, supplemented by Ontario Geological Survey (OGS) deep boreholes. A newly revised digital bedrock topography surface combined with revised subcrop geology and digitized 3-D surface polyline and point constraints are used to better align the modelled layers and their extrapolation to the subcrop surface. The modern topographic surface is integrated using Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) DEM data, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) lake bathymetry and Canadian Hydrographic data for smaller lakes. Model development is an iterative cycle of interim modelling, expert geological appraisal, and QA/QC editing of geological data using geophysical logs, drill cuttings, and core, supplemented by manual editing of model layers. From 2015 to 2018, project geologists and geological contract staff of the Oil, Gas and Salt Resources Library completed edits to 30,320 formation tops in a total of 7,490 wells, resulting in a revised dataset and improvements to the petroleum well database. The current and final model (iteration 7) provides a geologically robust representation of regional bedrock geology.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".