Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Genome size variation in vertebrates reflects an amazing amount of genetic and genomic diversity. C‐value (genome size) ranges from 0.4 picograms (pg) in pufferfish to 133 pg in the marbled lungfish. Most vertebrate lineages have characteristic average C‐values with restricted ranges. Amphibia, in contrast, represent an extreme: C‐values in salamanders range from around 13 to over 122 pg; in frogs, they range from under 1 to over 13 pg. Why would closely related lineages and species have such dramatic differences in C‐value? A number of theories have been proposed to account for the extreme range in genome size found in all eukaryote taxa. The amphibia not only have a wide range of C‐values, but they also have a correspondingly wide range of life history traits and other phenotypes such as neoteny and limb regeneration. This remarkable class of vertebrate thus provides a unique model system for addressing evolutionary and physiological hypotheses. Key Concepts Junk DNA (retroviruses and DNA transposons) infected the ancestral eukaryote cell and established, together with mitochondria, a symbiotic relationship from which all other eukaryotic life forms emerged. The host response to the original infection was adaptive rather than purifyingly selective: junk DNA provided the conditions for the emergence of a checkpoint guardian of the genome and correspondingly enhanced genome stability. As genome size expanded, DNA repair systems increased in efficiency, allowing for the acquisition of new genes and new adaptations. DNA replication programs and gene transcription programs reorganised as genome size either increased or decreased over evolutionary time. Species richness negatively correlates with genome stability and positively correlates with karyotype diversity within specific lineages. DNA damage response and repair (DDR) programs have evolved differentially in r and K‐strategists: large body organisms have enhanced DDRs compared to small body, short‐lived organisms, and hence they tend to have more deterministic and organised replication programs. Junk DNA serves as a substrate for the DDR to protect the cell against ‘mitotic catastrophe’. Junk DNA serves as a scaffold for the formation of facultative heterochromatin during development and speciation,and hence participates in the global tissue‐specific and species‐dependent transcription programs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".