Bibliographic record
Abstract
To Maria Mies, who in Narsapur discovered how the whole world works.One must continue talking about labour in the age of the COVID-19 pandemic, because the labouring poor have always been particularly exposed to health-related risks.This is because the labouring poor perform key reproductive roles in capitalism; indeed, across the world, low-paid informal labourers and care workers are those who, at present, seem unable to withdraw their labour to shield themselves and their families from the potential deadly consequences of the coronavirus.Together with health workers, they are literally sustaining our lives during the pandemic.The health-depleting effects of working poverty have always been obvious in the Global South.Now, they are also increasingly obvious in the Global North.Here, I celebrate the Global Labour Journal's tenth anniversary by discussing how the study of labour dynamics of the Global South can significantly contribute to our broader understanding of global capitalism across the world.After all, as underlined by Jan Breman and Marcel van der Linden (2014), it is clear by now that the "West" is following the "Rest" when it comes to rising rates of labour informalisation, which has become the "mode of employment" at a global level.In fact, the very representation of the so-called Western labour trajectory has always been somewhat biasedover-representing the experience of a handful of core countries within the Western bloc and a (male) labour aristocracy within highly differentiated working classes.Ultimately, capitalism has only ever been "Golden" for a very few, in a very few places, and during a very few years.The progressive pace of labour informalisation is remarkable, and suggests that this is how work manifests itself in the twenty-first century.According to the International Labour Organization (ILO, 2018), 85.8 per cent of total employment in Africa, 71.4 per cent in Asia and the Pacific, 68.6 per cent in the Arab States and 53.8 per cent in the Americas is either informal (based in the informal economy) or informalised (situated within formal production but based on informal relations).Total informal employment for the whole emerging and developing economies bloc is set at 69.6 per cent and, given the weight of this bloc and the extension of processes of precarisation across the whole Global North, it is 61.2 per cent at world level.In short, our entire planet primarily labours informally. 1 If by refocusing our attention on the Global South much can be learned about how the world labours, a good deal can also be understood with regard to the mechanisms of exploitation and labour surplus extraction.In particular, the study of the informal and informalised labour relations across the Global South reveals that exploitation can indeed take many distinct "forms" (Banaji, 2010) where, for instance, the wage relation may be direct or "disguised" -like in the 1 Informalisation in former Soviet bloc countries is documented by Jeremy Morris and Abel Polese (2015).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.022 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.016 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".