Common <i>and</i> Civil Law? Taking Possession of the English Empire in America, 1575-1630
Bibliographic record
Abstract
It has generally been assumed that claims to the English empire in America were most closely associated with the English laws of land possession. This notion is reinforced by the long-standing belief that England eschewed Roman civil law and its derivatives in preference for the unique, domestic, and vernacular common law. As a number of historians have recently argued, however, English contemporaries recognized that the civil law, as codified by the emperor Justinian in the sixth century, was needed in all matters dealing with foreign affairs and foreign lands, because the common law had no efficacy in these matters. An examination of the colonial charters (or letters patent) issued by the English between 1575 and 1630, reveals that, in addition to use of the common law, may be found various expressions of the civil law and its derivative, the law of nations. The employment of these legal codes helped to ensure that Englands claims to territory in North America were internationally intelligible and less subject to the type of challenges that could result from the exclusive use of the English common law.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.012 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".