Experimental Parametric Characterization of Bolted Angle Connection Behavior
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article describes an extensive experimental program that was conducted to characterize comprehensively the nonlinear sectional force-displacement response of bolted steel angle semirigid connections. A total of 139 tests were performed to investigate the influence of angle thickness, position of the column bolts, bolt grade, and bolt pretension. The effect of loading sequence was also examined by applying static and dynamic monotonic and cyclic loading. The observed behavior and failure modes are described. Key parameters defining the load-deformation response of the specimens are quantified, including yield strength, initial stiffness, sharpness of the transition between initial and yielding phases, postyielding stiffness properties, peak forces, and deformations at failure. Monotonic test results were used to define a four-parameter power model that reproduces the force-deformation response of the angles. The influence of each geometric parameter, the bolt type, and the loading protocols on the behavior of the bolted angles was also described. The tests showed that strength and stiffness increased when angle thickness increased, and decreased when the distance between the heel and the column bolt increased. The force-deformation response of monotonic tests can be used to predict the backbone of cyclic and seismic responses. The angles subjected to cyclic and seismic tests, however, developed stable hysteretic response characterized by gradual softening, strength degradation, and smaller ultimate deformations compared with those subjected to monotonic loading.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".